Arnulf, a lay brother in a French Cistercian abbey, practiced self-mortification. One of the abbey’s monks, Goswin, recorded his habits in the 1220s: “We beg you, for Christ’s sake, take pity on your flesh, that poor, frail flesh without which you cannot live.”1 Arnulf believed that self-induced physical pain would enhance personal piety. He beat himself with whatever he could find: “bushes with thorns or prickly leaves, metal implements, horse hair, and hedgehog pelts.”2 Though Goswin respected Arnulf’s passion for holiness he also cautioned, “[B]eware of transgressing the common practices of our order and adopting without permission the austerity […]
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